There are a large number of microorganisms in the soil, and other factors, such as soil physical and chemical properties, metal content, and antibiotic concentration, can affect the soil microbial community. In this investigation on the influence of pharmaceutical factory production activities on the diversity of soil microbial communities, we investigated the changes in metal content, physical and chemical properties, antibiotics, and drug resistance genes (ARGs) of the soils around the pharmaceutical factories and then demonstrated the influence of pharmaceutical factory operations on the diversity of soil microbial communities. The results showed that the concentration of antibiotics was within the detection limits. However, according to the cluster thermogram, it was found that there was a large amount of arginine in the soil downwind of the pharmaceutical factory. The production of these ARGs may be influenced by many factors. The production activities of pharmaceutical companies may promote the production of new microbial species, which is related to pH, SOM, Cr, and other factors and has little to do with the concentration of antibiotics.