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REVIEW PAPER
The Impact of Stadiums on Carbon
Emissions: A Systematic Review
1
School of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, China
2
School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
Submission date: 2024-11-10
Final revision date: 2024-12-15
Acceptance date: 2025-01-05
Online publication date: 2025-03-27
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
As the global climate change problem becomes increasingly serious, the United Nations has
pushed countries to achieve the Carbon Neutrality (CN) goal through the Paris Agreement. In this
context, the rapid expansion of the sports market and the increase in sports events have brought about
an increase in the demand for stadiums, but high carbon emissions also accompany the construction
and operation of stadiums. In this paper, we explore the carbon emissions of stadiums through
a systematic review, focusing on analyzing the carbon emissions of stadiums during construction,
operation, and after events. We adopt a five-step approach to screen relevant literature and summarize
the main sources of carbon emissions from sports stadiums and the measures to manage them.
The study shows that carbon emissions from sports venues mainly come from the maintenance of
sports turf, energy consumption (e.g., heating, lighting, air conditioning, etc.), and building materials.
In addition, some new technologies, such as building-integrated photovoltaic (BiPV) systems
and fuel cell technology (PAFC), have shown better application prospects in reducing carbon emissions.
Although the carbon emissions of sports stadiums are small compared to industrial emissions, the issue
of carbon emissions still needs to attract sufficient attention as the construction of sports stadiums
continues to increase. The paper also points out that current research is mostly focused on the fields
of environmental science and architecture and that interdisciplinary research should be strengthened
in the future, especially considering the differences in carbon emissions from stadiums in different
regions and combining disciplines such as economics and public health to provide a more comprehensive
perspective. Finally, this paper suggests that policymakers, stadium operators, and architects should
work together to adopt measures such as carbon offset policies, green building materials, and optimized
energy management to promote stadiums’ sustainable development.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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