In order to comprehend the temporal and spatial variations in the quantity of crop straw resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt over the past decade, as well as the estimated carbon emission reduction potential from straw biochar, the straw coefficient method was employed to scientifically estimate the crop straw resources in the region from 2011 to 2020. The study analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of straw resource density and per capita resource quantity. Furthermore, it estimated the carbon emission reduction potential of preparing biochar from straw. The results indicate that the total amount of crop straw in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased by 0.22×108 t from 2011 to 2020. In 2020, the theoretical total amount of crop straw resources in the region was approximately 3.04×108 t. The overall net potential for greenhouse gas mitigation was an emission reduction of approximately 2.18×108 t of CO2e. It is evident that converting crop straw into biochar holds significant potential and serves as an effective means to achieve carbon emission reduction.