ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Stability Analysis of Reference Genes for qPCR
Studies in Chenopodium quinoa Ecotypes
on Salt-Affected Soils
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1
Dry Lands and Oases Cropping Laboratory. Institute of Arid Regions, El Fje, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
2
Valorisation of Non-Conventional Waters Laboratory. National Research Institute of Rural Engineering,
Water and Forests, Ariana, Tunisia
3
National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, El Mahrajen City, Tunis Tunisia
Submission date: 2023-07-11
Final revision date: 2023-09-01
Acceptance date: 2023-09-09
Online publication date: 2024-02-09
Publication date: 2024-03-18
Corresponding author
Faiza Boussora
Dry Lands and Oases Cropping Laboratory. Institute of Arid Regions, El Fje, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2024;33(3):2823-2930
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ABSTRACT
Soil salinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors that affect crop growth and productivity.
Chenopodium quinoa is known as one of the essential food crops in the future due to its agronomic
and nutritive value and its strong adaptability to stress environments and soil conditions. However,
the molecular aspects of salt tolerance of quinoa remain not well known. Therefore, the expression
study of candidate genes related to salt tolerance has become one of the most important features for
the identification of their functions. However, one of the most crucial points in Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
data analysis is the selection of appropriate reference gene that should be stable and unaffected in a given
condition. In this study, six candidate reference genes were analysed in order to select the most stable
one under salt stress conditions. The expression stability was assessed using three different algorithms:
geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. The most stable and appropriate reference genes screened
in this study whose expression was confirmed to be constant in different salt treated and untreated
quinoa plant were Monensin sensitivity1 (MON1) and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GAPDH) and Factor elongation 1-alpha (EF-1α), while Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC)
and Ubiquitin-protein ligase 7 (UPL7) had the worst stability. However, the data obtained by BestKeeper
demonstrated slight differences compared to those from geNorm and NormFinder.
Overall, we designated MON1 and GAPDH as the best candidates and the most stable housekeeping
gene under salt stress conditions and their geometric means would provide accurate normalization
factor for expression data in Chenopodium quinoa.