Assessing and analyzing the spatial and temporal evolution of urban land use and habitat quality is important for the ecological transformation, habitat conservation, and ecological development of resource-depleted cities. The InVEST model and ArcGIS 10.5 were used to analyze the characteristics of land use transition, the temporal and spatial evolution of habitat quality, and the distribution of hot and cold spots in typical resource-depleted cities in central China from 1990 to 2020, with a view to providing a reference for ecological environmental protection of such cities. The results show the following: (1) During the study period, a decrease in cultivated land and forested land and an increase in construction land were the main reasons for the decline in habitat quality in the study area; thus, attention should be paid to protecting cultivated land and preventing forested land degradation. (2) In terms of the temporal gradient, the overall habitat quality in the region showed a declining trend, habitat degradation characteristics showed a spread from urban city and county areas as the core to the surrounding areas. (3) In terms of spatial distribution, habitat quality in the area shows a pattern of “high in the north and low in the middle”.