Based on the theory of cultural ecology and the spatial perspective of geography, this paper studies the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of 320 key rural tourism villages in China by using spatial analysis methods such as the nearest neighbor index, equilibrium measure, kernel density analysis, hot spot analysis, geographical linkage rate, and quantitative geography research methods. The results show that: 1) The spatial distribution type of the key rural tourism villages in China is condensed, but the distribution is relatively balanced in the provinces. 2) Overall, the spatial distribution pattern of “two cores, three plates, and the rest close clusters” is presented, and the spatial distribution characteristics are more in the east and less in the west, and more in the edges and borderlands of provinces and regions. 3) On the provincial scale, the hot spots and cold spots of the key rural tourism villages in China show obvious distribution characteristics of “blocky clusters” from east to west. 4) Tourist market, resource endowment, social economy, population density, macro policy, and road traffic are the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of key rural tourism villages in China.