A rigorous calculation and analysis of the coupling and coordination relationship between China’s ecological environment and economic development, as well as its spatiotemporal evolution trend, is undoubtedly the first step in implementing the new development concept. This paper constructs China’s ecological environment-economic development evaluation index system based on the index data of China’s provincial areas from 2013 to 2022, measures the comprehensive development level, and calculates the coupling coordination degree of the two systems. We also use a coupling coordination model to calculate the coupling coordination degree of the two systems and evaluate the trend of coordinated development in each province. The results show that: (1) The integrated development of ecological environment-economic development in all provinces of China is unbalanced, and in general, the integrated development of the ecological environment and economy in the southeast region is better than that in the northwest region. (2) From 2013 to 2022, the coupling coordination between the ecological environment and economic development in various provinces of China has shown an upward trend. In 2022, Guangdong Province had the highest coupling coordination (0.99), but Gansu Province had the fastest annual growth rate (13.4%). Meanwhile, the relative gap in coupling and coordination among provinces is constantly narrowing. (3) Overall, the coupling and coordination between China’s ecological environment and economic development present a spatial pattern of “high in the east and low in the west”, with Guangdong and Jiangsu provinces having the highest coordination, while Guizhou and Gansu provinces have the lowest coordination.