The Wanjiang City Belt is China’s first demonstration zone undertaking industrial transfer. In past decades, rapid industrial development has put great pressure on the ecological environment of this region. Based on symbiosis theory, this study uses the Lotka-Volterra model to measure the coordination level between industrial development and the ecological environment and its spatial distribution in the Wanjiang City Belt from 2011 to 2021. The geographical detector model is chosen to identify the main factors affecting the spatial differences in the coordination level. The results show as follows: (1) The coordination level of industrial development and the ecological environment in the Wanjiang City Belt shows a fluctuating upward trend, but the increase is slight. (2) There are differences in the coordination level of these cities, and the coordination level of most cities has improved slightly or remained at the same level. (3) The main driving factors affecting the spatial distribution of coordination levels are changing, from resource and environmental conditions and industrial development levels to industrial structures, industrial production technology, and environmental protection levels.