Using the monitoring data and meteorological data of SO2 and other pollutants from nine cities in Jilin Province between 2016 and 2021, analyze the annual and monthly variations and spatial distribution of SO2 concentrations across the province, as well as the related impacts from other environmental factors. The results showed that: (1) During the six-year period, no annual exceedance of the standard limit was observed in the entire province. There was a significant decrease in SO2 concentrations across Jilin Province from 2016 to 2018. There were 5 days with excessive daily values in the whole province, all of which occurred in Baishan. Although SO2 levels in the province remained low from 2019 to 2021, they were 16.0% and 22.2% higher than the national average in 2020 and 2021, respectively. According to the statistics of SO2–24h–98, there were severe exceedances in the entire province from 2016 to 2017. The annual trends of relative humidity and wind speed are not conducive to reducing SO2 concentrations, while the annual changes in precipitation and temperature have a favorable effect. The monthly average concentration of SO2 across the province exhibits a "decreasing first and then increasing" trend. It is higher in January and December and reaches its lowest point in August. (2) The geographical distribution of SO2 concentrations across the province shows high values centered in the southern and central regions, while low values are centered in the northern and eastern regions. It shows a zonal distribution from southeast to northwest. The spatial distribution of SO2–24h–98 in the province does not completely align with that of SO2, and at times, the high-value center can be found in Tonghua, which is located in the southern part of the province. When comparing the similarity between spatial distributions, the correlation between terrain and SO2 concentration is found to be higher, followed by GDP. (3) In comparison with other pollutants, SO2 shows a positive correlation with PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, and AQI, and a negative correlation with O3. Among them, the correlation with PM2.5 is the highest, with a correlation coefficient of 0.79. The impact of relative humidity on SO2 varies significantly between the heating and non-heating periods. During the heating period, the SO2 concentration first increases and then decreases with the increase in relative humidity, reaching a maximum average concentration of 26.1 μg·m−3 when the relative humidity is between 70% and 80% (inclusive). During the non-heating period, however, the concentration level remains relatively low. An analysis of energy consumption across the province over the past decade shows a significant decrease in coal consumption and an increase in electricity and natural gas consumption, while the proportion of oil products has increased by 2.1%.