In the context of global warming, advanced digital technologies such as 5G, IoT, artificial intelligence, and blockchain are driving the digital transformation of agriculture and contributing to the reduction of agricultural carbon emissions as a new driver of green and sustainable growth and global warming mitigation. In this study, we measured digital agriculture and agricultural carbon emission indicators using entropy and IPCC methods based on panel data for 31 provinces in China from 2013 to 2020, and explored the factors of digital transformation of agriculture and their impact on agricultural carbon emissions. According to our findings, the digital transformation of agriculture decreases carbon emissions and has significant spatial spillover benefits. It significantly contributes to green technological advances, agricultural scale operations, optimization of agricultural cropping structures, and decreased agricultural carbon emissions. Notably, digital agricultural infrastructure and industrialization increased the rise of green agriculture, while the influence on digital agricultural subject quality was small. Increasing the application of advanced digital technologies in agriculture and encouraging the reduction of carbon emissions greatly supports the response to abrupt climate change and the achievement of green and sustainability.