In this study, we use complete information game theory to present a three-stage dynamic game model that illustrates the collaborative behavior of cluster firms in improving product quality through innovation under the condition of information symmetry. We analyze the impact of different supply chain collaboration scenarios between upstream manufacturers and downstream distributors of cluster firms on the profit of each firm. Our findings suggest that firms prioritize collaboration scenarios influenced by the spillover benefits of inter-firm collaboration, the innovation level of the industry, and consumer demand for quality improvement. In particular, manufacturers have greater incentives to innovate in quality when the technology level of cluster firms is high. Additionally, manufacturers are more likely to collaborate with downstream firms on quality innovation when the spillover benefits between firms are significant. Lastly, the benefits of collaborative innovation are positively related to the R&D investment level in high-tech industries. By incorporating green development principles into collaborative innovation strategies, cluster companies can not only improve product quality, but also promote environmental sustainability and green development.