Our study was conducted with seven typical Polish soils very different in their physical and chemical features and fertility (a Phaeozem, an Eutric Fluvisol, three Eutric Cambisols, and two Dystric Cambisols). Samples of the soils were taken from a plot experiment established in Puławy at the end of the 19^th century and cultivated only by hand tillage. Correlation analyses of the results obtained suggest that soil microorganisms differing in their water requirements were associated with different soil environments: bacteria with small particles and small pores usually filled with water, nonxerophilic fungi with medium particles and medium pores which are usually the region of near the air-water interface, and xerotolerant/xerophilic fungi (especially penicillia) predominantly with big particles and big pores usually filled with air. Moreover, CFU of xerotolerant/ xerophilic fungi and particularly formulated indices of xerotolerance of the soil fungal communities (in contrast to CFU of bacteria), were negatively correlated with water content, SOM content, soil pH, and an index of soil quality.