Based on the Chinese provincial panel data, this study focused on the regional differences in direct and spillover effects of foreign trade and FDI on the SO2, PM2.5, and NOx emissions by using the spatial Durbin model. As is revealed, the three air pollutants have positive spatial correlation shown by Moran’s I indices. Increased FDI in a local province promotes the local air pollutants, but the spillover effect is not clear. The foreign trade reduces air pollutants in the local province, and the spillover effect is obvious. Increases in the trade dependent degree in adjacent provinces have reducing effects on the SO2 and NOx from the local province. The relationship between economic growth and the pollutants presents an “inverse-N” shape, which does not conform to the EKC curve. Industrialization increases the levels of pollutants and exerts an obviously positive spillover effect; the R&D intensity improves air quality and has a negative spillover effect on local SO2. The energy efficiency reduces the three pollutants, exerting a negative spillover effect on local SO2 and NOx; the traffic intensity increases the pollutants, exerting a positive spillover effect on PM2.5. Relative policy recommendations are proposed according to these findings.