Intensive human activities and climate change have led to the degradation of regional ecosystem functions. Accurately assessing the dynamics of ecosystem services and their driving factors is essential for developing differentiated ecological management strategies and supporting regional sustainable development. However, understanding the responses of ESs’ drivers across different spatial scales in various geographic contexts remains limited. This study focuses on the Hefei Metropolitan Area, utilizing the InVEST model to evaluate changes in four ESs: water yield, soil retention, carbon storage, and habitat quality from 2000 to 2022. The Optimal Parameter Geodetector (OPGD) model was employed to quantify the driving factors at different spatial scales. The results reveal a general decline in water yield, soil retention, and carbon storage, while habitat quality has improved. The spatial distribution of ESs exhibits a pattern of "high in the west, low in the east; high in the south, low in the north." Natural factors predominantly influence the changes in water yield and soil retention, while human activities significantly impact the spatial variation of carbon storage and habitat quality. The optimal spatial scale for detecting driving factors is 7~8 km. The findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing ecological space in rapidly urbanizing areas.