To improve the unbalanced development in the western region, it is necessary to explore the construction level of the human settlement. Regarding social well-being, this paper uses data spanning the period from 2015 to 2020 and develops a system of indicators to assess human settlements in western China along five dimensions: Health and Safety, Social Development, Economic Conditions, Environmental Health, and Working Conditions. The study concludes that, firstly, Yunnan possesses the highest human settlement quality index with a relative proximity of 0.478, while Qinghai has the lowest, with a human settlement quality index of 0.209. Secondly, concerning temporal dimensions, the spatial distribution pattern of human settlement quality in western China generally exhibits a southeast high and northwest low pattern. In addition, coordinated, stable, and sustainable development is crucial to maintaining the advantage of human settlement quality. Thirdly, there is not necessarily a positive correlation between economic development and human settlement quality. Therefore, in terms of distribution types, Sichuan and Inner Mongolia belong to the “high human settlement quality-high economic level” type, whereas Shaanxi, Chongqing, Xinjiang, and Ningxia belong to the “low human settlement quality-high economic level” type. Yunnan, Gansu, and Guangxi are in the “high human settlement quality-low economic level” category, while Guizhou, Tibet, and Qinghai belong to the “low human settlement quality-low economic level” category.