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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Preliminary Study of Methyl Orange Removal
Using a Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation
Process with Indonesian Palm Kernel Shell-Based
Activated Carbon as an Activator: Experiment
and Sorption-Oxidation Kinetic Analyses
1
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN),
Building 720, K.S.T. B.J Habibie, Serpong, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia
2
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang,
Semarang 50275, Indonesia
3
Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
4
Environment Engineering Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
5
Directorate for Environment, Maritime, Natural Resources, and Nuclear Policy, National Research and Innovation
Agency (BRIN), Gedung B.J. Habibie, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta, Indonesia
6
Program Studi Teknik Kimia, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36, Surakarta, Indonesia
7
Research Center for PreClinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency
(Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Submission date: 2024-10-05
Final revision date: 2024-12-05
Acceptance date: 2024-12-16
Online publication date: 2025-03-17
Publication date: 2026-01-30
Corresponding author
Ardie Septian
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Serpong, 15314, South Tangerang, Indonesia
Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Serpong, 15314, South Tangerang, Indonesia
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2026;35(1):1307-1322
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Two types of activated carbon (AC), namely Indonesian palm kernel shell-based AC (ZnCl2-AC)
and commercial AC, were introduced to activate persulfate (PS) for catalytic degradation of methyl
orange (MO) in water. This is the first attempt to apply the coupled sorption-oxidation kinetic model
to the kinetic data of MO removal in the PS/AC system. The PS activated by AC removed more MO than
the AC-only or PS activated by Fe2+. In the PS/AC system, to get maximum MO removal (100%), the
use of commercial AC needed higher AC and PS dosages ([AC] = 185 mg L-1, and [PS] = 346 mg L-1)
than the use of ZnCl2-AC ([AC] = 770 mg L-1, and [PS] = 1728 mg L-1). The MO removal in the PS/AC system fitted with the coupled sorption–oxidation kinetic model. Compared to the AC-only system,
the PS/AC system enhanced the oxidation mechanism but depressed the sorption mechanism. The O2•–
played a dominant role in the oxidation mechanism. The MO was degraded through demethylation,
carboxylation, ring opening, azo bond breakage, asymmetric cleavage, and aromatic ring removal.
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