ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Physico-Chemical Quality Parameters
and Metals in Different Types of Flours
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Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Engineering,
“Ovidius” University from Constanta, Romania
Submission date: 2023-06-11
Final revision date: 2023-12-04
Acceptance date: 2024-02-07
Online publication date: 2024-06-07
Publication date: 2024-07-12
Corresponding author
Simona Dobrinas
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Engineering,
“Ovidius” University from Constanta, Romania
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2024;33(5):5869-5877
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ABSTRACT
Consumer demand for healthier and more sustainable foods has led to a multitude of innovative food
products. The aim of the work was to monitor the physico-chemical quality parameters (color, taste,
smell, infestation, granularity, humidity, gluten index, falling number, alveographic properties, ash
content, hectoliter mass of wheat) for the raw material: wheat, for the flours resulting from the milling,
and for different types of flours and resulting mixtures. The mixtures were made with wheat flour and
carob, oats, rice, buckwheat, and coconut flour added in proportions of 5%, 10%, and 20%. Heavy
metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu) were also determined for different types of flour. The metal content was
determined by the atomic absorption method using a GBC Avanta PM atomic absorption spectrometer.
The detection and quantification limits were evaluated using calibration curves. The degree of coloring
of the flours differs depending on the degree of extraction and, therefore, also depends on the amount
of ash contained. As for infestation contamination, it was not identified in any of the analyzed flour.
Rheological properties indicate the quality of flours. Flour types 480 and 550 recorded exceptional
values of the rheological parameters, presenting a deformation energy (W) above 200 10–4J and a curve
configuration ratio (P/E) of 1.08. The metal concentrations were between the permissible limits defined
by the FDA/WHO.