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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Moss Powder Amendment Modifies Organic
and Inorganic Carbon of Saline-Alkaline
Soil: Insights from Conventional Statistics
and Artificial Intelligence “White Box”
1
Guizhou Institution of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou, China
2
Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, Guizhou, China
3
Guizhou Songbaishan Reservoir Management Office, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
4
Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Qingzhen 551400, Guizhou, China
5
Liupanshi Normal University, Liupanshi 553004, Guizhou, China
Submission date: 2024-10-10
Final revision date: 2024-12-06
Acceptance date: 2024-12-16
Online publication date: 2025-02-25
Publication date: 2026-01-30
Corresponding author
Leilei Ding
Guizhou Institution of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 550006, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
Guizhou Institution of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 550006, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
Jinhua Zhang
Guizhou Institution of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou, China
Guizhou Institution of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, Guizhou, China
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2026;35(1):1073-1089
KEYWORDS
organic carboninorganic carboninterpretable artificial intelligenceorganic amendmentsaline-alkaline soil
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Organic amendments are considered to be able to revitalize saline-alkali soils; nonetheless, whether
the moss powder as a novel amendment increases the organic and inorganic carbon of saline-alkali
soils remains unknown. This study evaluated the effect of the moss powder amendment at different
rates (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20% w/w). Other than the conventional statistics (linear regression
models and ANOVA), the interpretable artificial intelligence (XGBoost models and SHAP technique)
was also innovatively used to identify the critical drivers and thresholds of soil carbon dynamics.
The conventional statistics showed that the peak values of the concentration (and density) of soil
organic, inorganic, and total carbon occurred at the 20 (10), 0 (2.5), and 20% (10%) rates, respectively.
However, the interpretable artificial intelligence model consistently identified 10% as the optimal rate
of moss powder amendment. At this rate, the saline-alkali soil health was improved, that is, reducing
soil salt concentration, pH, and electrical conductivity without compromising soil bulk density, porosity,
and water content, as well as increasing soil available nutrients, soil organic carbon density, and total
carbon density without significantly negatively impacting soil inorganic carbon density. This study
highlighted the use potential of moss powder amendment and the undeniable prospects of interpretable
artificial intelligence in improving saline-alkali soil health.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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