Contaminated soil generally exists in industrial areas, and soil remediation is becoming more and more important. In this study, the electric field intensity and temperature distribution under different levels of microwave power were simulated. The effects of different factors on soil remediation were studied by single-factor and response surface method, and microwave radiation was compared with the remediation effect of the SVE method. The results show that the radiation time and microwave power are the main factors that affect the removal rate of pollutants. With the increase of microwave power, the electric field intensity is higher and the soil temperature increasing rate is faster. When microwave power is 700 W, radiation time is 18.48 min, moisture content is 0.78 mL/g, and the handling capacity is 20 g, the removal rate of nitrobenzene in diatomite can reach up to 84.5%. When the contaminated soils were treated for 30 minutes by microwave irradiation and SVE technology respectively, isobutylene content in the former method was only 1/5th of that in latter method. Furthermore, it is difficult to deal with a large amount of contaminated soil in a short time by utilizing SVE technology, so the microwave irradiation with characteristics of high remediation efficiency draws the attention of researchers.