Indonesia is one of the top producers of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in Southeast Asia. Excessive GHG emissions have profound implications for the environment, biodiversity, and human welfare. This study investigates the relationship between fossil fuel consumption, meat production, forest cover, and GHG emissions in Indonesia from 1990 to 2020 using annual data. Employing time-series analysis techniques including unit root tests, bounds test approaches to cointegration, and error-correction modeling, the research reveals significant long-run effects of fossil fuel use and meat production on GHG emissions, while forest cover is found to mitigate atmospheric GHG levels. However, in the short run, fossil fuel consumption is positively associated with increased GHG emissions, underscoring the need for immediate emission reduction measures. The findings emphasize the critical role of forest conservation and sustainable energy alternatives in mitigating climate change impacts in Indonesia. The study recommends policymakers prioritize initiatives targeting sustainable energy adoption, land-use practices, and forest preservation to achieve long-term environmental sustainability goals. Moreover, the substantial error-correction term highlights the importance of persistent policy interventions to address underlying drivers of GHG emissions.