This study aims to characterize the evolution of the innovation network of lithium-ion battery recycling technologies in China in terms of network structure and influential factors, using social network analysis and GeoDetector based on patent data from 2004 to 2023. The following findings are established. First, the network exhibited a small-world effect, changed from a loose to a dense structure, and developed into a dual-core radial structure. Leading firms in lithium-ion battery recycling technologies have established relatively stable internal cooperation. The network experienced the embryonic stage, the initial exploration stage, and the developmental exploration stage, and is now in the intensive exploration stage. The network connections were dense in eastern China but sparse in western China. Second, in terms of industry–university–research cooperation, the main core was industry– industry cooperation, with industry–university and industry–research cooperation also occupying important positions. Universities and research institutes served as “transit stations” in technological innovation. Third and lastly, China’s innovation network of lithium-ion battery recycling technologies was influenced by economic development, tertiary industry development, household consumption, government intervention, and higher education. This study clarifies the technological accumulation and evolution in the field of lithium battery recycling in China, providing insights into the construction and governance of an innovation development system for the lithium battery recycling industry.