To investigate the soil fertility of the rare plant, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, the distribution characteristics and corresponding influencing factors of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in Taxus wallichiana and its surrounding soil were determined in this study. Redundancy analysis was used to evaluate the relationship among different indicators of soil surrounding Taxus wallichiana trees. The results exhibited that the contents of organic matters, Total-N, Total-P, Hydrolyzable-N, and Valid-P in soils surrounding the Taxus wallichiana trees was 44.24±5.04 g/kg, 3.81±0.53 g/kg, 2.02±2.80 g/kg, 679.73±27.61 mg/kg and 248.95±45.15 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of C, N and P in Taxus wallichiana leaves was 46.03±1.10%, 1.89±0.43% and 11.49±3.32%, respectively; and in Taxus wallichiana stem was 45.83±0.33%, 0.71±0.19% and 9.96±3.10%, respectively. Concerned nutrients in the soils surrounding Taxus wallichiana trees were abundant. The soil fertility index was 4.94 according to the improved Nemerow index method with the weighted average, which suggested that the soil surrounding Taxus wallichiana trees was fertile in Mount Fanjing. The contents of C, N and P in the leaf of Taxus wallichiana were greater than that in its stems. The soil C was the major factor impacting the distribution of N in the stem of Taxus wallichiana. The soil vaild-P was the critical factor influencing the distribution of P in the stem of Taxus wallichiana. The soil bulk density was the highest influencing factor of the C content in the leaf of Taxus wallichiana. The total-P in the soil has the dominant governance on the P content in the plant.