In order to ensure consistent supplies of agriculture-derived lignocellulosic biomass for the emerging biomass market, dedicated plantations of short rotation woody crops (SRWC) need to be developed. Our research aimed at defining the yield, survivability, and morphological features of three plant species (SRWC) cultivated under the conditions of northeastern Poland, on poor soil unsuitable for food or fodder crops. The first factor for the experiment was provided by three plant species: willow (Salix viminalis L. UWM 006), poplar (Populus nigra × P. Maximowiczii Henry cv. Max-5), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). The second factor consisted of seven soil enrichment regimes, referred to as “fertilization,” and a control. Willow grew significantly the highest. Poplar grew to a similar height and the diameter of its shoots was significantly the biggest. The yield varied significantly depending on plant species and soil enrichment regime. During a two-year rotation cycle of the crops, poplar and willow produced notably higher yields than black locust, despite growing on poor soil. The soil enrichment regimes, in turn, significantly improved the crop yields.