This study investigates the coupling and coordination relationship among industrial agglomeration, ecological environment quality, and industrial economic development across 31 provinces in China from 2003 to 2022. Utilizing the entropy weight method and the coupling coordination degree method, the levels of industrial agglomeration and ecological environment quality were measured and evaluated for each province. The Tapio model was employed to analyze the decoupling relationship between industrial agglomeration, ecological environment quality, and industrial economic development. Furthermore, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model was used to analyze the impact of the coupling degree and comprehensive coordination index on the coordination degree. The results indicate significant differences in industrial agglomeration levels and ecological environment quality among the 31 provinces over the study period. While most provinces achieved a certain degree of coordinated development between industrial agglomeration and ecological environment quality, further optimization and balancing are still needed across regions. This study provides empirical evidence for policymakers, aiding in formulating more scientifically sound and reasonable regional development policies to promote the coordinated development of the economy and the environment.