ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Concentration of Trace Elements in Raptors
from Three Regions of Slovakia,
Central Europe
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1
Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
2
University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
3
Research Centre and Museum of the Tatra National Park, 059 06 Tatranská Lomnica, Slovakia
Submission date: 2020-11-30
Final revision date: 2021-05-05
Acceptance date: 2021-05-14
Online publication date: 2021-10-13
Publication date: 2021-12-02
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2021;30(6):5577-5591
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ABSTRACT
Slovakia situated in the territory of Central Europe has a rich mining and industrial history
with a strong pollutive impact on the environment, with heavy metals and metalloids as the most
often analysed pollutants. Despite a relatively advanced toxic elements research, none enquiry
has been performed in birds of prey, the most suitable bioindicators, in Slovakia yet. Regarding
the lack of information, the presented study represents the first integrated results of the contamination
status of raptor species with selected trace elements (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury,
manganese and lead). In all, livers and muscles of 80 individuals across twelve species were collected
and analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Within the study, copper was the element detected
with the highest concentrations, in several individuals overlapping the toxic threshold. Additionally,
the results disclosed high hepatic lead concentrations, pointed to the probability of acute poisoning
through lead shot ingestions, in three birds of prey. Subsequent comparative analyses revealed
significantly higher concentrations of mercury in surveyed Spiš and Tatry region when compared
with the other two sampling regions. Also, the highest average and median values concerning liver
concentrations of cadmium and manganese and muscle concentrations of chromium were measured in
samples originated from this region. The whole territory of the Spiš and Tatry region is covered by
national parks and protected areas, and several European Important Bird Areas occurred there. Together
with rich mining and smelting history and also the existence of natural geochemical anomalies, toxic
elements biomonitoring should be continued in this area.
Finally, it can be concluded that the first oriented research in Slovakia showed that the concentration
of monitored metals in the liver and muscles of birds of prey did not exceed the established tolerable levels, except for copper, cadmium, and lead, for which concentrations exceeding defined toxic
thresholds were occasionally found and cases of intoxication them with were reported.