ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Comparison Performances of Hybrid
Sonocatalysis and Sonophotocatalysis
on the Elimination of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
Acid in Water: Mineralization
and Economic Analysis
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Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Golkoy Campus 14030, Bolu, Turkey
Submission date: 2022-02-06
Final revision date: 2022-04-22
Acceptance date: 2022-04-28
Online publication date: 2022-08-02
Publication date: 2022-09-28
Corresponding author
Gamze Dogdu
Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2022;31(5):4589-4602
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ABSTRACT
This study compares the removal performances of sonocatalysis (SC) coupled with commercially
available titanium dioxide (TiO2, P25) and combined sonophotocatalysis (SPC) with H2O2 of
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide in aqueous media in batch experiments. A SC process
(US/TiO2) with 75 mg/L 2,4-D obtained 65.58 ±0.42% degradation, 7.84 ±1.3% mineralization, and
15.86 ±0.39% oxidation at a pH of 2, and a temperature of 35±1ºC under optimum conditions after
360 minutes, whereas 82.24±2.91% degradation, 44.50 ±0.11% mineralization, and 55.11±0.35%
oxidation were obtained after 360 minutes with SPC (US/UVA/TiO2-H2O2), with the addition of an
optimum 250 mg/L of H2O2. The synergistic index was calculated as 1.77 that indicated the positive
effect of the combined system on degradation efficiency when compared with the individual processes.
Total costs were obtained as 5072 USD/kg for SC and 4135 USD/kg for SPC, showing the cost efficiency
of the hybrid SPC process in comparison to the SC process. The obtained results confirmed that the
hybrid SPC process was more effective than the SC process in degrading and mineralizing 2,4-D for
removal. Operation time was shorter, energy consumption was lower, and operation cost was lower
when compared to the SC process.