ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Climate Crossroads: Exploring the Environmental Impact of Tourism and Urbanization on Ecological Footprints in Asia-Pacific
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Minhas Akbar 3,2,4
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1
International Business School, Guangzhou City University of Technology, Guangzhou 510800, China
 
2
Department of Recreology and Tourism, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
 
3
Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal
 
4
Faculty of Business, and Communications INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
 
5
School of Jewelry, Guangzhou City University of Technology, Guangzhou 510800, China
 
6
Faculty of Liberal Arts, Shinawatra University, 99 Moo 10, Bangtoey, Samkhok, Pathum Thani, Thailand 12160
 
 
Submission date: 2024-07-06
 
 
Final revision date: 2024-09-19
 
 
Acceptance date: 2024-11-10
 
 
Online publication date: 2025-01-24
 
 
Corresponding author
Xie Hui   

School of Jewelry, Guangzhou City University of Technology, Guangzhou 510800, China
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
Since the mid-20th century, Environmental Degradation (ED) has been a paramount concern for humanity. Numerous researchers have found an association between various human activities and ED indicators. This paper aims to analyze the impact of tourism, urbanization, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Ecological Footprint (EF) and CO2 emissions in nine Asia-Pacific countries over 22 years. The theoretical foundations of this study are based on externality theory and public/common good theories that explain the cost of ED by certain human activities. We have employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL), and the Johansen co-integration techniques to see whether long-run causality exists between tourism, urbanization, FDI inflows, and the ED indicators. The findings reveal a long-run causality between tourism, urbanization, EF, and CO2 territorial emissions in Asia-Pacific countries. The empirical outcomes also show a significant impact of tourism activities and urbanization on EF and CO2 emissions. Moreover, a moderately significant long-run causality exists in the sample countries except for Japan. These findings suggest that governments and lawmakers should be concerned about the environmental consequences of tourism and urbanization-related activities and enact policy measures to preserve their ecosystems.
eISSN:2083-5906
ISSN:1230-1485
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