China has experienced rapid economic growth that requires high energy consumption. This may hinder the achievement of sustainable development goals. The adoption of green energy technologies (GET), efficiency of natural resources (NR), and stringency of environmental policies (EVP) are essential to facilitate sustainable development in the country. In this regard, the current study aims to analyze the impact of GET, NR, and EVP on the green growth (GG) and energy transition (ET) of the country. For this purpose, we applied the unique econometric technique “Bootstrap Fourier quantile causality” on quarterly data from 1996Q1 to 2020Q4. The findings reveal that all the variables have unidirectional causality with GG and ET. Moreover, GET and NR had a substantial impact on GG, demonstrating that both GET and NR are crucial drivers of GG. In the case of ET, GET had a strong positive and increasing impact on ET from low to high quantiles. Similarly, NR also demonstrated a substantial impact on ET at higher quantiles only. This highlights that a higher GET and well-endowed NR may accelerate ET. EVP had a very strong synergistic impact on both GG and ET, along with GET and NR. EVP reinforced and intensified the effects of Get and NR on GG and ET. Therefore, China must focus on the development of effective EVPs and their uniform stringency across all regions to achieve a GG and sustainable ET. Moreover, investment in green technologies, the provision of financial incentives to foster the adoption of green technologies, region-based development of strategies to promote the consumption of renewable energy sources, and their integration into the national grid may significantly contribute to GG and ET.