Diplandrorchis sinica is a monotypic orchid relict plant. Soil habitat and soil microorganisms are the main factors for the growth and development of orchid species. In order to find out the soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial community characteristics in the growing area of D. sinica and expand the population of D. sinica, the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils in the Rare and Endangered Species Reserve of Fushun, Laotudingzi Nature Reserve, Liaoning Province, were collected for Illumina Miseq high-flux sequencing. The Alpha and Beta diversity and LEfSe of the sequencing data were analyzed, combined with the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the growth area of D. sinica to study the changes of soil physical and chemical properties, soil bacterial composition and diversity in the growing area of D. sinica. The results showed that a total of 26,690 valid bacterial sequences were obtained by sequencing. After cluster analysis, 9,556 OTUs were classified into 34 phyla, 108 classes, 316 families, and 472 genera. Soil bacterial diversity is rich in D. sinica, and the main dominant bacteria in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia; at the level of order classification, Rhizobiales and Gaiellales were mainly rhizobiales; at genus classification level, Hyphomicrobium and Rhizobium were the main genera. The values of total nitrogen (STN), available phosphorus (AP), hydrolyzed nitrogen (HN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and pH in rhizosphere soil of D. sinica were significantly different from those in non-rhizosphere soil. Moreover, it was significantly correlated with Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia in soil microorganisms. The soil physical and chemical properties affected the microbial and bacterial richness in rhizosphere soil of Diactylodes. LEfSE analysis showed that 13 indicator species were selected when the alpha level was LDA > 2 and p < 0.05. The indicator species of Rhizo were Yersinia, Thermogemmatisporaceae, Thermogemmatisporales, Spirosoma, etc. Bulk is mainly Merhylophilaceae, Methylophilales, Chromatiales, etc. This study revealed for the first time the diversity of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil bacterial communities of the endangered species D. sinica, laying a foundation for the research on the mechanism of the endangered species.