Land reclamation transforms a tidal flat from a marine ecosystem to terrestrial ecosystem, which significantly changes the soil ecosystem process, affecting soil bacterial community structure. In order to reveal the changes of soil quality after reclamation and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific regulation of the soil ecosystem, the changes of bacterial community structure in rhizosphere soil of Brassica oleracea var.italica collected from coastal reclamation area with different years of reclamation (12, 35, 56) in Taizhou estuary were analyzed by using the Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that a total of 123355 effective sequences and 7660 OTUs were obtained from nine soil samples based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S gene. Bacterial species detected in these samples covered 23 phylum, 62 class, 148 orders, 651 gene. The abundance and diversity of bacterial communities in soil rhizosphere of Brassica oleracea var. italica collected from coastal reclamation areas with 35 years of reclamation was the highest among all soil samples, while that of 12 years of reclamation was the lowest among all soil samples. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in all the soil samples. At the class level, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were the predominant bacterial communities existed in all the soil samples. The long term land reclamation had significant effects on soil bacteria communities compositions.