Based on the multi-regional input-output model, the key industrial chains of energy-food coupling in 10 provinces in the Yangtze River basin are identified through an integrated nexus strength metric, linkage analysis, and net flow analysis. The results show that: (1) In terms of energy consumption, most sectors in the Yangtze River Basin play the role of consumers in energy consumption, and their energy consumption is mainly used to satisfy their own production and development needs. (2) In terms of food consumption, the 01 Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery, the 04 Textile Industry, the 09 Manufacture of Chemical Products, the 11 Smelting and Processing of Metals, and the 20 Production and Distribution of Electric Power and Heat Power mainly play the role of suppliers in the Yangtze River Basin, and the remaining sectors whose food consumption is used to meet their own production and development needs are the main consumers of food in the basin. (3) The Manufacture of Chemical Products in Jiangsu, the Construction in Sichuan, the Food and Tobacco Processing in Jiangxi, Hunan, and Sichuan, and the Production and Distribution of Electric Power and Heat Power in each region constitute the key industrial chain of energy-food coupling in the Yangtze River basin.