Coal cities are the impetus and guarantee of China’s economic development. However, the longterm unreasonable exploitation of coal seriously affects the quality of eco-environment and residents' lives in coal cities. This study takes five coal cities in Anhui Province as the research objects, selects ten evaluation indicators of three dimensions based on the production-life-ecology (PLE) model, and improves the evaluation model of relative resource carrying capacity (RRCC). The relative carrying capacity (RCC) of various resources and the relative resource comprehensive carrying capacity (RRCCC) in coal cities from 2010 to 2019 are calculated by entropy-catastrophe progression method to explore the spatio-temporal dynamic evolution of RRCCC in each city, and the critical resistance factors are identified by resistance model. The results show that: (1) There is a particular gap between the RCC of various resources and the existing population resources. (2) RRCCC, with a good development trend in general, is at a relatively strong load level, tending to a strong load level. (3) The level of RRCCC in each city is unevenly distributed, with regional differences. (4) The ecological subsystem had the most significant impact on RRCCC before, and it will be replaced by the production subsystem in the future.