ORIGINAL RESEARCH
An Assessment of Livelihood Vulnerability
of Tourism Smallholders in the Upper Reaches
of Yihe River, China
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1
College of Land and Tourism, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
2
Academy of Regional and Global Governance, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing 100089, China
Submission date: 2023-03-14
Final revision date: 2023-08-04
Acceptance date: 2023-08-26
Online publication date: 2023-11-06
Publication date: 2023-12-19
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2024;33(1):477-490
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ABSTRACT
Livelihood vulnerability inquiries in their current form prove insufficient in accounting
for the dynamic aspects of livelihoods. In consideration of the generally adopted “Scenic spots +
communities + smallholder” tourism development model in rural revitalization in China, a Tourism
Livelihood Vulnerability Index (TLVI) was developed to estimate the vulnerability of tourism
smallholders in the upper reaches of Yihe River, China. Data was collected from 524 smallholders
and 7 tourism villages. The statistical results showed that the livelihood strategies of smallholders
in tourism destination communities can be divided into four categories: Tourism – oriented (TO),
Tourism and part-time migrant work (TPM), Migrant work and part – time tourism (MPT), and Migrant
work – oriented (MO). The TLVI showed significant disparities among four livelihood groups, with
MPT smallholders emerging as the most vulnerable, sensitive, and least adaptive. In contrast, TO
smallholders displayed the least sensitivity, exposure, TLVI, and the highest adaptive capacity. The result
suggested that low diversity degree livelihoods are less vulnerable than high diversity degree livelihoods
in rural transformation. The contributing factors of the household livelihood vulnerability were
highly community – household livelihood strategy specific. Four recommendations were at household
and community level to enhance livelihood resilience and reduce vulnerability. The TLVI contributes
to a better understanding of the livelihood vulnerability characteristic of household tourism operation
systems in the context of tourism-guided rural transformation.