The Mollisol region of Heilongjiang Province is an important commercial grain production base in China. The Mollisol region has the characteristics of high fertility, good structure, loose texture, suitable for farming, and suitable for crop growth. However, due to long-term high intensity, unreasonable utilization and soil erosion, the arable land in the Mollisol region of Heilongjiang Province has been severely degraded. The decline of soil microbial diversity and other issues have become increasingly prominent, posing a direct threat to the sustainable development of agriculture. How to solve Mollisol layer thinning, fertility declined, structure hardened and ecological problems are the current technical issues in Heilongjiang Province of China. This work systematically summarizes the problems, such as the long-term overdraft of land fertility in the Mollisol region of Heilongjiang Province, the decline of soil organic matter content, and the degradation of ecological functions. This work not only combines the needs of regional agricultural production in Heilongjiang Province, but also further conducts a case analysis of the "Longjiang Model", trying to analyze and predict the dynamic change of Mollisol organic matter content by Gray Forecast Model.